Humes Critique of Causality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Humes Critique of Causality - Essay Example Our idea of causality arises from our impressions of three kinds of relations between objects: the relation of contiguity or contact, such as when billiard balls collide, and second, temporal priority, the idea that the effect should immediately follow the cause. These two, when taken together, is what Hume calls conjunction, which can be confirmed by sense experience, but it cannot give us an idea of necessary connection. The third kind of relationship that must be present in our idea of cause and effect is indeed, necessary connection. By necessary connection, Hume means the relation between cause and effect in which the cause necessarily produces the effect. But from what impression do we derive the idea of a necessary connection between cause and effect? Hume claims that there is no rational proof or basis for the causal principle; â€Å"this principle is mere custom or habit† (Hume 37). We only think that a particular cause must ‘necessarily’ have a particula r effect because we have the idea of a necessary connection between a cause and an effect after we experience their conjunctions repeatedly. If Hume were right here, science would seem to be an impossible endeavor, for it is based on scientific causal laws (Lavine 168). If causality were reduced to a mere psychological law, then we would have no basis for scientific knowledge or any objective knowledge for that matter. The foundations of knowledge would collapse into nothing but meaningless psychology.

Inverted Yield Curve Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Inverted Yield Curve - Essay Example The value of a bond is dependent on its required return. â€Å"Whenever the required return on bonds differs from the bond’s coupon interest rate, the bond’s value will differ from its par value. The required return is likely to differ from coupon interest rate because either (1) economic conditions have changed; causing a shift in the basic cost of long-term funds, or (2) the firm’s risk has changed. Increases in the basic cost of long-term funds or in risk will raise the required return; decreases in the cost of funds or in risk will lower the required return† (Lawrence J. Gitman). This is the basic principle of interest rates and bond valuation. The above principle shows that the bond valuation is dependent mostly on economic conditions and the firm’s risk taking ability. So when reasons for lower interest on long-term bonds as compared to short-term bonds are analyzed, it reflects the character of economic conditions. In this way, the bond interest rates work as the barometer of the economic conditions. Normally long term investments are made in the avenues that show steady performances over a period of time and provide the reasonable rate of return. It is seen that whenever stock market underperforms, investors withdraw money from stocks and usually invest in long-term bonds. This raises the demand for bonds and as a result of demand and supply interactions, the requirement of funds through debts instruments decreases; and the result decreases in the interest rates of bonds.

Run Time Adaptation of Service Feedback Control

Run Time Adaptation of Service Feedback Control Runtime Adaptation of Service With Feedback Control Self Optimization T.Priyaradhikadevi, R.Anandhi Abstract In a composite service which needs to be in uncertain and changing optimized environment which have service selection along with runtime adaptation. For maximum satisfaction for stakeholders quality and requirement needs for adapting composite services which responds to various environments. Service selection and business process for quality preference that made statistics during their design time. The proposed requirements driven self optimizing approach of such composite services measures its quality of service. The estimation of business tunes he preference for ranking the feedbacks detecting unexpected triggering of business values self optimization process. Process level configuration for modelling the configuration according to its mapping service level decision selections optimized and tuned for its quality of service. In our proposed model the process level preference based configuration of requirements ranks according to its goal configurations. The experimental study is use d to evaluate the proposed approach results indicating the new approach outperforms both fixed weighted and floating weighted service selecting approaches with respect to earning business value and adapting the flexibility. Keywords: Quality of service, self optimization, earning business value, service selection. 1. Introduction Architecture for service has emerging value of development and integration of business applications. In a service oriented system for development focusing the shifted customary application for designing the business process which selects and compose services for new business applications. Web services organizing integration for business process language used widely for specifying the business process for composite service rather than integration between composite services along with external web services. Functional requirement for business logic concerns with composite services should fulfil all the non functional concern for requiring quality of services. Composition of services that have uncertain and changing optimal configuration of business process which selects services that reflects decisions taken during design time. The reflected designs for self optimized service have some adapting runtime composite services in better way for meeting their overall quality of service requirement. Addressing the problems regarding composite services during their runtime adaptation for various service selection of different composition of approaches which is recently proposed with configuration of statistics business process. The set of abstract services have global approach towards its hybrid heuristics that have dynamic optimization of selected binding using their concrete services with each abstract service. Maximizing the usage of user objective is to satisfy the quality of service constraints which has user satisfaction which can have utility function for multiple weight assignment for criteria based on quality of service. Static decision approach based on various different preferences given for quality and business process made for design time which has weights for quality of service structures the business process used for selecting the service and compositions determines the design time which is static during runtime. During runtime these unchanged decisions used to make composite service which runs according to suboptimal manner. The betterment for optimization for entire stakeholder satisfying requirements with quality trade needed for adapting response to changing environment for system. High preference order process service for preventing risks requires the large amount for time and resource allocation for processing credit verifying the additional process. The response time for users is so long and they have to wait very patiently for their task to be accomplished. The process variability for activities having optional and alternate sub processes which often have various alternative business goal for quality of service requirements. Flexible accommodation of preference with different usage for quality of service requirements has taken risk for prevention of order processing. The order reconfiguration process skips temporary credit verification for improving the response time. The motivational service analyse the needed for required self optimizing composite services for dynamic quality services. The business value creation for adoption of stakeholders designing time that has runtime value based software engineering principles and practicing them. The emphasis is on incorporation of business values achieves the feedback controlling system. The self optimizing service technique for composite services that accounts for achieving business values which can be measured by transactions committed successfully. 2. Selection and composition for service The requirement driven value based idea for motivation for self optimizing approach for proposing the characteristics for composition of service have dynamic tradeoffs quality and support. The combination of runtime process for configuring the service that can have selection for various process requirements can provide them with resources. The values for business earned the reflection for runtime environment that satisfies the requirements of stake holders. Quality attributes measures and estimates earned business values having predefined value for our approach having dynamic quality tuning the rank preferences for different quality attributes that have control over feedbacks. The violation of business value ensures the detection of optimized preference rank process attributes systematically. The requirement configuration model based on preferences according to the quality of service requirement changes over the uncertain environment. The composite services always cannot run with optimal static configuration for business process along with selection of services. The existing stakeholders who are unsatisfied with the requirement driven approach has to be failed for selection of service and their composition which can have challenging problems. This can have many disadvantages for making business processes adaptable for runtime environment. The exponential for complexity in timing concerns. They do not have any satisfaction need with stakeholders responsibility. The static quality tradeoffs support the stakeholder for exponential time complexity. Overcoming the short comes of approaches propose the modelling of multi dimension problem have multiple choice having multiple constraints for optimal problems regarding path which leads to efficiency for heuristics. Hybrid approaches that finds nearest optimal solutions for end to end quality of service constraints that have local and global approaches. Figure.1 requirement driven and goal configuration based on value indicator. 3. Dynamic self optimization constraints All the hybrid approach for starting decompose which have end to end quality of service constraints that have local quality of service which can perform local selections. The approach that allows the quality of service weights for dynamic tuning that reflects dynamic quality tradeoffs uses the feedback controlling mechanism for achieving the runtime process adaptation for dynamic weaving for process. For motivating the dynamic quality for tradeoffs that can conduct maximized qualifiers for overall satisfaction for stakeholder requirements. Achieving the self optimization for composite services in which our proposed approach continuously seeks opportunities for improvising the earned business values. They can have maximized user satisfaction which can as well meet its quality of service requirements. The user satisfaction which can usually express the utility function for weighing various qualities of service criteria will be well fixed weight assignment of each quality of service criteria. The dynamically planned adaption service based on runtime requirement models for dynamic self optimization. For achieving the self optimization for overall composite services that maximizes the value propositions for multiple kinds of stakeholders. For optimizing the customer details should be entered in customer registry and once if the details are entered and submitted then they will be stored in database of stakeholders. They can be accessed using username and passwords which can also be used for updating and editing for details entered and stored. The customers should select their required product in self driven optimizing approach they can use the category or product name. If the product is available then they should choose the option for payment. Whether they should pay using credit or debit card. They also help in suggesting the alternate products which are not available in stock. After this process the bank transaction details of the customer should be rendered and they provide the feedbacks about their services. The approach for formulating the value for validating main threats which can capture the changes along with change of business strategies emphasize the guidance for online analytical processing. The large amount of business data can have composite service over the online analytical processing which can provide predictive analysis for validation and mapping of business processes. Dynamic runtime processing for business configuring the rare address faces different challenges according to their stake holder requirements. Self adaptive requirements based on system increasingly run under poor environment. The goal oriented requirements for widely used methods used in olden days. They are modelled and the intentions used for capturing and satisfying the requirements between the agents for exploring the alternate ways. Variable system used for processing runtime goals can be configured processes with regular credit verification such as checking the purchase and ordered things list the total number of products ordered and quality verification along with credit details verification. The evaluation and effectiveness for composite service approach having applications over real time applications required for evaluation of feasible that can guarantee the self improvement. The earned business values can be better or worse for depending on factors specifying the applications for number of process variations. There are different single and double approaches for hard perspectives for competitive selections during runtime. They are not superior or inferior static single approach which can totally have optimization for business values which is really harder. The composite service can optimally design strategies for new service optimization failure with new process configuration. 4. Conclusion In our proposed approach of requirement driven self optimizing approach we can combine the composite service for having process reconfiguration of high level and low level selection of service based on flexible adaptations. Then it supports dynamic quality tradeoffs for reflection of changing environments employs feedback controller that tunes the preference ranks for relevancy of attributes regarding quality. The earned business value having objective that can be triggered using self optimization techniques can be self optimized. The value formula for stakeholder requirements defines current business strategies for order processing service focuses directly on profits obtained from successful experience and feedback systems. The services for processing orders that have fixed weights and having flexibility demonstrate the performance adaptation for acceptable overhead for process reconfiguration which can select service accordingly. The integration rendered has to be variable with adv ancement of flexible mechanisms that can be achieved more flexible process variability having definitions and adaptations which validates their feasibility. References [1] V. Cardellini, E. Casalicchio, V. Grassi, F. Lo Presti, and R. Mirandola, â€Å"QoS-driven runtime adaptation of service oriented architectures,† in Proc. 7th Joint Meeting of the European Software Eng. Conf. and the ACM SIGSOFT Symp. Foundations of Software Eng., 2009, pp. 131–140. [2] OASIS. (2007, April) Web services business process execution language, v-2.0. [Online]. Available: http://docs.oasis-open.org/wsbpel/2.0/wsbpel-v2.0.pdf [3] E. Di Nitto, C. Ghezzi, A. Metzger, M. Papazoglou, and K. Pohl, â€Å"A journey to highly dynamic, self-adaptive servicebased applications,† Autom. Softw. Eng., vol. 15, no. 3-4, pp. 313–341, 2008. [4] L. Zeng, B. Benatallah, A. H.H. Ngu, M. Dumas, J. Kalagnanam, and H. Chang, â€Å"Qos-aware middleware for web services composition,† IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng., vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 311–327, 2004. [5] Y. Liu, A.H. Ngu, and L. Zeng, â€Å"QoS computation and policing in dynamic Web service selection,† in Proc. 13th Int’l Conf. World Wide Web Alternate Track Papers and Posters, 2004, pp. 66–73. [6] D.A. Menasc ´e and V.K. Dubey, â€Å"Utility-based QoS brokering in service oriented architectures,† in Proc. IEEE Int’l Conf. Web Service, 2007, pp. 422–430. [7] L. Zeng, B. Benatallah, M. Dumas, J. Kalagnanam, and Q.Z. Sheng, â€Å"Quality driven Web services composition,† in Proc. 12th Int’l Conf. World Wide Web, 2003, pp. 411–421. [8] D. Ardagna and B. Pernici, â€Å"Adaptive service composition in flexible processes,† IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng., vol. 33, no. 6, pp. 369–384, 2007. [9] T. Yu, Y. Zhang, and K.J. Lin, â€Å"Efficient algorithms for web services selection with end-to-end qos constraints,† ACM Trans. Web, vol. 1, no. 1, 2007. [10] M. Alrifai and T. Risse, â€Å"Combining global optimization with local selection for efficient QoS-aware service composition,† in Proc. 18th Int’l Conf. World Wide Web, 2009, pp. 881–890. [11] S.X. Sun and J. Zhao, â€Å"A decomposition-based approach for service composition with global QoS guarantees,† Inf. Sci., vol. 199, pp. 138–153, 2012. R. Anandhi has finished her B.Tech (IT) and at present she is pursuing M.E. (CSE) in Mailam Engineering College, Villupuram, Tamil Nadu, India. Her research interests lies in the areas of Mobile Computing, Data Mining, Cloud Computing and Software Engineering. T.Priyaradhikadevi has completed her M.Tech (IT) and now pursuing her Phd. Currently she is Head Of the department in Computer Science and Engineering at Mailam Engineering college,Villupuram , Tamil Nadu, India. She has attended many national and international conferences in several colleges. She organized many technical symposiums, workshops and seminars.

KAL 801 :: essays research papers

Flight Synopsis Flight KAL 801 was scheduled to fly from Kimpo Airport in Seoul, Korea to A.B. Won Guam International Airport in Agana, Guam. The flight crew had met earlier to discuss the flight release, weather conditions and fill out all necessary paperwork. And on August 6th, 1997 at 9:27 PM the Boeing 747-300 departed Kimpo Airport for a three hour and fifty minute trip to Guam. The flight crew consisted of a captain, first officer and a flight engineer. The captain had several flight hours as a pilot in the Korea Air Force until Korean Air hired him in 1987. Not only did he have many hours flying a 747, he received a flight safety award from the company president, three months prior to the crash. He also earned two excellent evaluations in the simulator proficiency checks and passed the company’s mandatory Level three English test. In addition, the captain along with his first officer watched a video presentation based on the familiarization of the Guam Airport and studied approach charts several hours before the accident. (Krause, 2003) The first officer had also served in the Korean Air Force before joining the ranks with Korean Air in 1994. Although he was only two years younger than the captain, he had a high number of flight hours as a 747 first officer. However, his performances in the simulator evaluations were slightly above average. One instructor noted that his â€Å"altitude management on nonprecision approach was somewhat less than desirable† and adding that he was â€Å"somewhat slow to carry out directions† (Krause, 2003) The flight engineer was also a very distinguished pilot and was hired by KAL in 1979. Similar to the captain, he earned excellent ratings in his evaluations of crew management and simulator tests, and also passed the English proficiency exams. (Krause, 2003) â€Å"†¦a weak low pressure trough is moving slowly [through] the Mariana Islands†¦resulting in gentle to moderate easterly winds and scattered showers. The effects of the upper level low far to the northeast have diminished during the past 12 hours or so. Light to moderate showers should be expected except for isolated afternoon thunderstorms due to solar heating†, this was the weather report provided by the Guam Weather Station. However, at around 0122, the crew received a message via the Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS), â€Å"†¦wind calm, visibility seven [clouds] one thousand six hundred scattered, two thousand five hundred scattered, temperature two seven [Celsius], dew point two four, altimeter niner eight six, runway six in use.

Discuss the scope of mixed branding Essay

Ans. Definition: Mixed Branding is where a firm markets products under its own name and that of the reseller(s) because the segment attracted to the reseller is different than its own market. Eg. The company sells its Elizabeth Arden brand through department stores and a line of skincare products at Wal-Mart with the â€Å"Skinsimple† brand name. Stratergies: When promoting a brand, companies sometimes choose to follow a multiproduct branding strategy, similar to automakers Ford and Toyota. In this regard, a company’s name is an umbrella brand for all its products. Coca-Cola, Apple and Intel have focused their energies on branding their corporate names and images rather than individual products. Grocery chains and big-box retailers use private-label branding to attract value-conscious customers. Advantages: Companies use branding to differentiate their products based on value, quality and other attributes. A positive brand image creates a halo effect that affects existing products and makes it easier to introduce new products. The â€Å"Intel Inside† campaign, for example, was designed to brand all Intel microprocessors as high-performance and high-quality products. Apple has followed a somewhat different route because it relies on its corporate name and unique product brands. A mixed-branding strategy can leverage a company’s reputation for innovation to carve out profitable market niches, such as Apple’s Mac computers for graphics-intensive operations, while developing entirely new markets, examples of which would be iPods and iPads. Kraft consumers know they are getting a quality food product, which makes it easier and more cost-effective for Kraft to introduce and gain consumer acceptance for new products. Disadvantages: The main disadvantage of branding is the high advertising and related public relations costs. Establishing a local or international brand requires years of sustained advertising, high levels of quality and exceptional customer service. A brand image and reputation cannot be established in a few weeks. Companies must continue their promotions even during economic downturns or when sales stagnate, because if they do not, competitors might fill the void and be in a better position when the economy turns around. These expenditures can reduce margins, especially if sales volumes are being affected by price competition or changing customer preferences. Also, there is the risk that poor customer service by wholesalers or retailers in the distribution channel might reflect poorly on the brand itself. Manufacturing issues that lead to product recalls, such as Toyota’s well-publicized problems with brakes from 2009 to 2011, can also affect a brand’s image, which usually requires additional expenditures to repair.

The Dowry System

My beloved girl, I love you†¦ I care you†¦ I want you†¦ I am constructing these high walls so that you will be secured†¦ You stay in this kitchen that no one else would stare at my beloved†¦ I will look after you well because your father has paid me well and full†¦ You are my great treasure. So I am locking you up in these heavy chains that no one will take away you†¦ Don’t move. I will protect you†¦ Because, You are my beloved wife†¦ FOR SALE India is a great land that has its rich heritage from the Vedic culture.From the very beginning of civilizations itself women had a great prominence in the society. She was worshipped as a deity, she was given respect and even the nature or the ‘prakrithi ’ was considered to be a woman. The later period witnessed a gradual transition and a gender discrimination occurred leading to the marginalization of women. We see in the epic, Ramayana saying that woman has to be protected by h er father in her adolescent period, husband in the youth and by her son in her old age. The woman does not deserve freedom any time.There were customs that ‘bought’ beautiful young bride to the family after ‘paying’ a good amount to bride’s parents. Even in this cyber century we see this being followed deliberately in the educated society and the greatest, disgusting evil that comes out of this marginalization is the â€Å"dowry system† or as it is presently called ‘The gift system’ . An embryo formed with two X chromosome is hunted from the very stage when it is called ‘she’ or ‘girl’. And then it is what Simon de Bouveire said, â€Å"A WOMAN IS NOT BORN. SHE IS MADE†. A girl child born to a family often hears,’ look, you are a girl’.This is how the stereotyping occurs. She is taught certain ‘norms’ that society constructed, forced to do certain assigned duties and is br ought up to be a good wife and good mother. She is expected to be caring, loving, passionate, sacrificing, and hardworking and express the so called ‘feminine qualities’. She is then sold and bought to another family†¦ Marriage is the happy blending of two individuals with the vows made to love and take care of each other. It is the harmony between two families too. Earlier woman was made to sit at home and look after her husband and children.Dowries were given as an asset or help to the family in case some tragedy occur to her husband. It was a help. In the later stages it began to be a ‘demand’. Now it is the matter of ‘pride’. When the dowry prohibition acts imposed tried to halt these it was the birth of the â€Å"GIFT SYSTEM†. Marriage is considered to have occurred in the heavens. It is wished to be happy. But sometimes it becomes a lifelong chain to woman. From time the girl child is born, her parents often think about her ma rriage. The price to be offered and the jewels to be bought are calculated equally among the rich and the poor.The poor and the middle class suffer mostly due to this system. The Dalit woman has to undergo double marginalization, the caste and the gender. The parent has to work hard to find ways that can ‘marry of’ the girl and the families often get into heavy debt once the ceremonies get over. The stage were dowry became a demand was the most ‘tragic period’ were girls married were slaughtered by their merciless â€Å"destiny†. Even after the marriage money is demanded again and again by the husband and the in laws. They are threatened that the girl would be send back to home at the failure of the demands.After the ceaseless suffering the bride finally is killed or commits suicide. This was called ‘Bride burning’. This was often ignored by the society calling it a suicide. It is in this background that the Dowry prohibition act came in to existence to ensure the equality and rights promised by the Indian constitution. When the law imposed limitations this was modified and known as The Gift System. Luxury car, Gold showered and the pocket money are ‘gifted’ to their daughter and her husband. There is a clear cut violation of the law with the permission of the ‘accused and the victims’.It is now matter of the Pride of the family. This shows how deeply this is rooted in each Indian. The wedding ceremonies take an amount more than a development scheme of a slum takes. Can a change be brought to this system? Earlier we could say that this was due to ignorance. But now how could educated women in a well developed society be a part of this? Feminism movements could not make a change to this evil. It’s each of us that encourage these. It’s ironic that woman who are on the boy’s side are more vicious to the bride. It should be understood that it’s not part of pride but Vanity.Each has their own role to do in this matter. The bride and her parents should pay respect to themselves and keep their dignity. She is not a commodity FOR SALE. Boys should be bold enough to say that they are stubborn to look after the family without the dowry. It should be the girl that they should marry. The ones who go for dowry should be ashamed to put a price tag on their wife. The girl should have the freedom to come to her home at any circumstance and get divorce at the worst. Pay respect to each other and keep up individuality. Make relations healthy and happy. Let them no more be in tears.